My True Goal †The Study of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

My True Goal The Study of Medicine I firmly believe in the powerful message of Ecclesiastes 31, which states that every elbow grease man can undertake has its own time and meaning. Looking back on my own life, I see these different seasons as stages of growth that puddle helped me to understand my own potential and the path that I appetite to take in life. I feel that I have lived deeply and fully, and now wish to apply the valuable life lessons I have gained to what I feel is my true calling. Now is the season to explore the fascinating world of medicine, and to finally coiffure that dream a reality. As a child, I never believed that I could succeed. Growing up in one foster home after another, I lacked the stability that a youth needs in order to excel in classes and build a proper foundation for the future. I was pregnant by the age of eighteen, and dropped out of school to try to forge a future for my children. Life was difficult but fulfilling, and I found much joy in being the mother of two lovely children. The day my second child was diagnosed with Krabbes disease, however, all of my happiness seemed to vanish before my very eyes. Krabbes disease is both lowest and debilitating, and the doctors gave my daughter a life expectancy of eighteen months. Swallowing my shock and sorrow, I devoted myself to making the most of the precious time I had left with my child. I researched intensively on Krabbes disease, learning as much as I could about its mechanisms and the course it would run. I applied these lessons to caring for my daughter, and provided her with the twenty-four hour a day care that she required. Because I was afraid she would die at any moment, I never left her side, even to go to work. In order to gestate the bills, I took in outside sewing and odd jobs. But no sacrifice was too great for my daughter. She lived to the age of four, long past her expectancy, which the doctors attributed to my constant care. organism such an intimat e witness to the struggle of life and death left me with a deep sense of human fragility. I realized that the human automobile trunk is so very intricate and beautiful in its complex delicacy.

nature In Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

In his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain conveys his high regard for spirit through the purpose of several rhetorical devices such as personification and tone. Twain changes his tone when describing the Mississippi River from cynical and sarcastic to flowing and daydreaming. This change in tone illustrates his own appreciation for the beauty and importance of nature.Throughout the passage on page 88, Twain uses personification to show the beauty of nature in ancestry to the immaturity and repugnant mentality of society. Huck would sometimes wake up to "see a steamboat coughing along upstream" that "now and then would flare a whole world of sparks up out of her chimbleys" which acts like a child without manners. Twain shows how disgusted he is with society by the use of the rowing coughing and belch. Both words have a negative connotation that lead a reader to think of illness with the use of coughing, and immaturity with the use of belch. "The nice breeze springs up and comes fanning you from over there as a servant to a king in his court, and everything (smiles) in the sun." Twain chooses the word "springs" to set forth the action of the breeze because it makes the breeze seem to be present only to comfort. Twain does this to show that nature is for humans to enjoy.The passage on page 88 flows like thoughts during a daydream rather than being written in the short sarcastic style of the rest of the book. "Two or three geezerhood...swim by like a fish through the river they slid along so smooth and lovely." Twain shows the dream like quality of this scene by saying the days "swim by". The word swim adds to the mood of the passage by showing how the days flowed by rather than just went by. Jim and Huck "put in the day, layzying around, listening to the stillness".

Comparing the Play versus the Film of William Shakespeares Much Ado Ab

Comparing the Play versus the Film of William Shakespeares Much Ado About zero?Much Ado About Nothing is a postwar love story. Its principal subject is that of romance that may settle over the land after soldiers move up home. I noticed that Much Ado is actually two love stories. One concerns sweetly innocent lovers who are driven apart by the plotting of enemies. The new(prenominal) involves very sarcastic lovers who are swept into each others arms by the benign machinations of friends. I had a lot of trouble understanding the dialect, I grew up a country boy and we didn?t do much of this in my 14 persons graduating class. None the less I didn?t think it was a uncivilised of time either. It was of very good quality as far as a plot is concerned. It had evil, jealousy, lust, love, romance, comedy and of course tragedy. If I were to do it over once more I would go see the movie first, the play second. I was able to understand more from the movie than I did the play. I think that i f I had do this I might have got more from the play.As the good prince of Arragon, Denzel Washington did a superb job, and as Claudio, the love-struck innocent, Robert Sean Leonard performed great just as he has make in any other theatrical movies that I have seen him in. But in the lesser role of the princes evil half brother, Keanu Reeves didn?t appear to be all that special, at times he did look evil but I have never been a big fan of Keanu?s acting. He always sounds like a baboon when he opens his mouth. Maybe I am just remembering too much of Bill and Ted?s Excellent dangerous undertaking?Beatrice and Bene*censored* are adversaries united only in their contempt for marriage. Once the two finally let down their guard and allow their true feelings to blossom... ...and some(prenominal) more keeps you and your emotions on a roller coaster ride. Which is brilliant because we all know that as humans we adhere to stimulation and that is what it does, it stimulates us by incorpora ting all these emotions and jump around with them. With the movie it also adds a score and soundtrack as well as camera shots and things that appeals to our senses that much more. At least it does for me.Branaghs interpretation of Shakespeares play leaves the smasher with the impression of a fairy tale in which everyone (except the villain) will live happily ever after. The film is good, but even as I am partial to the movie I do believe to properly appreciate Shakespeares work it is necessary to take the time to peruse the play in a leisurely and contemplative manner, and if anything to get the WHOLE play in which the movie did not give.

ICT and You :: ICT Essays

For this work, I am going to write about how I intent ICT in my everydaylife. I will be looking at how I aim ICT at Home and at School.I will also identify how I office ICT for - My own personal use (this is when I use it just for me) Social use (this is when I use the ICT with other people)PC Technology-------------I use Microsoft Excel a lot, which helps me to do graphs in sciencefor coursework and I also use it at home for sorting my pocket moneyand spending so I am nonionic with my money and dont overspend. Itis very easy to use and your work is always very neat and presentablewhich is important for my coursework. I also use Microsoft Word formany things in school, these include writing out coursework,completing homework and English essays. Microsoft word offers a greateasy program, which is easy to use and also you can put text, picturesand photographs onto a word document.I like using MS FrontPage to design and make web pages and websitesthis can be do personally for me o r socially for a group of people.Designing website can be relaxing and stress free or can be forbid and stressing, all depending on what type of web site itis.InternetThe internet is very helpful to me in school because I can search upuseful and useless information an instant using search engines likegoogle the downsides to sites like these is, you have to be specificotherwise you could end up having thousands of pages of dispose forexample if your searching for the official Manchester join site andonly type in Manchester United you will get any pages appearingcontaining the words Manchester and United you can get roughlyabout 3,460,000 results, when the words Official Manchester UnitedFootball Club Website only pages containing them words are found,there are around about 69,400 results just by being a bit morespecific. I use this at home, personally to keep up-to-date withbreaking word of my favorite football club and in school personallyfor my business coursework.At home I enj oy being on MSN messenger to emit to friends and Familyworldwide, msn is good because its faster than email and cheaper thanphone calls, the disadvantage is that my internet connection dependingwhere I am and what time of the day it is could be slow I have a 576kADSL modem so theres no worries for me but slower internetconnections like a 23.3k modem could have a delay or even a bad

Essay --

R.K. Narayans initial works drew inspiration from his own childhood and school days. In his first few contains, he tries to precede Malgudi and its characters to his readers. This had helped in creating a strong base among his readers about the settings of his books. As in seen in his initial four books, starting from Swami And Friends to The English Teacher , the characters are limit to Malgudi and most of the story takes place in that town. Swami and Friends, R.K. Narayans first book was described by The Guardian,in 2011, as one of the best novels ever written by an Indian author. Undeniably, an average Indian always thinks of Swami and Friends and The Guide as Narayans best work. The novel follows the life and adventures of Swami, a schoolboy in British India. The characters in this book are very typical of an Indian village a dominating father, a submissive mother, a religious grandmother who mollycoddles her grandchildren, a stern schoolmaster and of course, the playful Swam i. After having been dismissed from Albert Mission School, Swami is made to join Board High School. While his close friends, Rajam and Mani from his previous school decides to form a play team called Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC), Swami has little choice but to skip his Drill classes and go for daily evening practice. Problems ensue when he decides to leave Malgudi afterward being reprimanded by his Headmaster. After a series of dramatic events, Swami misses the much anticipated and much prepared for match, against Young Mens Union, a team from Chennai, to Rajams ire. The novel ends with Rajam leaving for Trichinopoly, while Swami and Mani bids him farewell at the Malgudi Railway Station.As with a lot of his other novels, Narayan leaves the ... ...is wife to return home, assuming that it was incisively another tantrum that she throws. Though the novel ends on a negative note in regard to women rights, it makes a successful attempt in at least bringing the issue to the forefront.Wit h The Dark Room, Narayan tries to bring to the attention of his readers the plight of women at that time. While Savithris house is symbolic for the conservative and Jewish-Orthodox customs, practices and beliefs in Malgudi, the dark means in her house where she seeks refuge from her husbands tantrums represents the space where a woman is separated from the rest of the world. The dark room is just a temporary retreat for women struggling to survive in an old-fashioned world. The author, in all probability gained inspiration for this work from the womens attempt that gained strength in the 1930s along with the nationalist movement in India.

Essay --

R.K. Narayans initial works drew inspiration from his own puerility and school days. In his first few books, he tries to introduce Malgudi and its characters to his readers. This had helped in creating a strong base among his readers about the settings of his books. As in seen in his initial four books, starting from Swami And Friends to The English Teacher , the characters are confined to Malgudi and most of the story takes place in that town. Swami and Friends, R.K. Narayans first book was described by The Guardian,in 2011, as one of the best news ever written by an Indian author. Undeniably, an average Indian always thinks of Swami and Friends and The Guide as Narayans best work. The novel follows the life and adventures of Swami, a schoolboy in British India. The characters in this book are very typical of an Indian village a dominating father, a teachable mother, a religious grandmother who mollycoddles her grandchildren, a stern headmaster and of course, the playful Swami. Af ter having been dismissed from Albert Mission School, Swami is made to join Board High School. epoch his close friends, Rajam and Mani from his previous school decides to form a cricket team called Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC), Swami has little choice but to skip his Drill classes and go for daily evening practice. Problems ensue when he decides to leave Malgudi after being reprimanded by his Headmaster. After a series of dramatic events, Swami misses the a lot anticipated and much prepared for match, against Young Mens Union, a team from Chennai, to Rajams ire. The novel ends with Rajam leaving for Trichinopoly, while Swami and Mani bids him farewell at the Malgudi Railway Station.As with a lot of his other novels, Narayan leaves the ... ...is wife to return home, assuming that it was just another tantrum that she throws. Though the novel ends on a negative note in regard to women rights, it makes a successful attempt in at least bringing the issue to the forefront.With The Dark R oom, Narayan tries to bring to the attention of his readers the plight of women at that time. While Savithris house is symbolic for the conservative and orthodox customs, practices and beliefs in Malgudi, the dark room in her house where she seeks refuge from her husbands tantrums represents the lay where a woman is separated from the rest of the world. The dark room is just a temporary retreat for women struggling to survive in an old-fashioned world. The author, in all probability gained inspiration for this work from the womens movement that gained strength in the 1930s along with the nationalist movement in India.

The Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Jamaica

The make of Hurricane Sandy on Jamaica FOUNDATION SKILLS FOR GRADUATE MANAGEMENT EDUCATION The Three principal(prenominal) Effects of Hurricane Sandy that Affected Jamaica were Rainfall Induced Flooding, Storm Surges and Winds STEPHANIE SMITH Executive Summary On October 22, 2012, it was announced by The Office of Disaster Prep bedness and essential guidance (ODPEM,)that a tropical depression (Sandy) was headed towards the shores of Jamaica and that the arrival to our shores would be on October 24. On the 24th Sandy approached and the cause were devastating.The winds caused several trees to plummet, taking down tycoon lines, utility poles and homes with them. The winds blew roof tops off and destroyed several produce causing a huge devastation to the agricultural sector. The rainfall caused several homes and roadsteadtead impassible and even completely flooded a number of communities. The beset surges caused shores to be evacuated as the tides were too high and strong for sho re home owners to weather the beleaguer. . 70% of Jamaicans were without electricity after the passage of Sandy collect able-bodied to down military force lines, fire and blown transformers.Many roads were impassible due to trees that had fallen. Minister of introduce in the Ministry of husbandry and Fisheries, Hon. Ian Hayles, says early estimates indicate that close to 11,000 farmers across the island have been affected by Hurricane Sandy, with some 1,500 hectares of crops totally destroyed. (Reynolds-Baker, 2012). He goes on to highlight the breakdown of early estimates of restitution that amounted to $700 million. . apprehension the effects such as wind violate, flooding and draw surges can better help us as Jamaicans and the Jamaican brass to complot for tropical depressions, storms and hurricanes.If the government takes short and long term travel along with its current hurricane initiative, it will reduce the amount of damages by a square amount of dollars and t he Jamaican society will be able to bounce back from another episode of hurricane much faster. Thesis Statement The Three Main Effects of Hurricane Sandy that Affected Jamaica were Rainfall Induced Flooding, Storm Surges and Winds On October 22, 2012, it was announced by The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM,)that a tropical depression (Sandy) was headed towards the shores of Jamaica and that the arrival to our shores would be on October 24.Within a couple of hours Sandy had been upgraded to a tropical storm and Jamaica was contrive on tropical storm watch. This advisory was then upgraded on the 23rd to a tropical storm warning as a hurricane watch was issued. Jamaica was again upgraded from hurricane watch to warning onetime(prenominal) during the day on the 23rd, because as soon as Sandy touched landfall she will manifest into a hurricane. Wednesday approached and with it Sandy. The effects were devastating. The winds caused several trees to plummet , taking down power lines, utility poles and homes with them.The winds blew roof tops off and destroyed several produce causing a huge devastation to the agricultural sector. The rainfall caused several homes and roads impassible and even completely flooded a number of communities. The storm surges caused shores to be evacuated as the tides were too high and strong for shore home owners to weather the storm. Classifications of tropic Weather There are three main classifications of tropical weather activity tropical depression, tropical storm and hurricane. The first official stage of a tropical classification is a tropical depression.AccuWeather explains that a tropical depression forms when a low pressure area is accompanied by thunderstorms that produce a circularflow with maximum sustained winds below 39 mph. Most tropical depressions have maximum sustained winds between 25 and 35 mph. The endorse stage is the tropical storm which is an upgrade to the tropical depression where the cyclonic circulations become to a greater extent organized and has winds between 38 and 76 mph. Tropical storm status is when the naming of the storm takes place.A tropical storm is then upgraded into Category 1 hurricane status as maximum sustained winds increase to between 74 mph and 95 mph (AccuWeather, 2010). The main feature of a hurricane is wind. Tropical depressions and storms will have a lot of rainfall and calm winds, but at a time the winds pick up intensity it will quickly be classified into a hurricane. This is why the measure of hurricanes is done by its wind intensity. There are 5 ratings measured by The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale which is used to rate hurricane intensity in the Atlantic Basin.SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE CATEGORY WIND DAMAGE POTENTIAL 5 * 156 Catastrophic 4 131 155 Extreme 3 111 130 Extensive 2 96 110 Moderate 1 74 95 nominal Table 1 Saffir-Simpson Scale Within these 3 classifications, watches and warnings are issued. A watch lets you know th at weather conditions are favorable for a hazard to progress while a warning requires immediate action (National Hurricane Center, n. d. ). A tropical storm or hurricane watch perish when those conditions (mentioned above) are possible/likely to occur in that specified area.While, the tropical storm of hurricane warning take place when those conditions are expected to occur. Effects of Sandy Wind is responsible for much of the geomorphological damage caused by hurricanes. High winds, uproot trees and tear down power lines. The maximum winds from fast moving and powerful storms may remain high, even when the storm is well inland (The Weather Channel, n. d. ). The aftermath of Sandy in Jamaica was the epitome of wind damage. With storm force winds of up to 80miles per hour, Sandy left a trace of mainly wind damage in the central and eastern parishes (Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, 2012). 70% of Jamaicans were without electricity after the passage of Sandy due to down power lines, fire and blown transformers. Many roads were impassible due to trees that had fallen. A huge sector that was affected by winds was the agricultural sector. Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hon. Ian Hayles, says early estimates indicate that close to 11,000 farmers across the island have been affected by Hurricane Sandy, with some 1,500 hectares of crops totally destroyed. (Reynolds-Baker, 2012). The word of honor article goes on to highlight the breakdown of early estimates of damages that amounted to $700 million. Mr. Hayles explained that the total figure will be much more, when assessments for the parishes St. Thomas, Portland, St. Ann and Clarendon are completed (Reynolds-Baker, 2012). The heavy rains associated with a tropical weather musical arrangement are responsible not only for major flooding in areas where the storm initially strikes, but also can affect areas hundreds of miles from where the storm before made landfall (The Weather Channel, n. . ). There was flooding in some communities following the passage of Sandy. Low lying areas in the St. Mary and Portland and St Anns suffered flooding. One familiarity was totally marooned by floods. (Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, 2012). The rainfall is a huge factor in damage done to roads. The estimate of the damage done to roads and other infrastructure by those rains is just under $1. 1 billion. (OPM Communications Unit, 2012). This could be attributed to the poor construction and maintenance or roads and drainage systems.Homes that were built on gully banks were at high risk from flooding and wind. Storm surge is a rapid rise in the level of piddle that moves onto land as theeyeof the storm makes landfall. Once the edge of the storm reaches the shallow wets of the continental shelf, water piles up. Winds of hurricane strength force the water onto shore. (The Weather Channel, n. d. ). The Jamaican government ordered the evacuatio n of coast as they knew that Sandy came with it storm surges that would be a devastating factor to home owners and fishermen on the coastlines.Conclusion and Recommendation Since Jamaica is in a tropical zone where we are prone to a numerous amount of Hurricanes, we need to understand the effects and risks. Understanding the effects such as wind damage, flooding and storm surges can better help us as Jamaicans and the Jamaican government to prepare for tropical depressions, storms and hurricanes. Understanding the type of weather system prepares us even further whether depression or storm prepare for more flooding than wind damage and hurricane more wind damage than flooding.The government need to put policies and proper processes in place on a long term basis to prepare for hurricanes. The government needs to review building codes such as living in flood prone areas and living on gully sides. They also need to urge persons prosecute construction as well as the National Works Agenc y (NWA) to properly fix and pave the Jamaican roads. It makes no sense for roads to be fixed one month in advance of a hurricane and during a hurricane the roads get a washed away. The government also needs to put and maintain proper drainage systems.The needs to place a sufficient amount drains to handle the water build up as well as when roads are paved over the relevant companies close the drains that were once in place. On a more short term basis, the government needs to trim trees or urge citizens to trim trees that are close and over hanging utility lines. This will lessen the number of fallen poles and lines rapidly. If the government takes these steps along with its current hurricane initiative, it will reduce the amount of damages by a significant amount of dollars and the Jamaican society will be able to bounce back from another episode of hurricane much faster.References AccuWeather. (2010, July 22). Whats the Difference Between a Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm and H urricane. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from AccuWeather. com http//www. accuweather. com/en/weather-news/whats-the-difference-between-a/34388 Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. (2012, October 28). CDEMA Situation Report 3 Hurricane Sandy. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from reliefweb http//reliefweb. int/report/jamaica/cdema-situation-report-3-hurricane-sandy Irie FM. (2012, October 23).Education Ministry orders all schools closed tomorrow. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from IrieFM. net http//www. iriefm. net/news/headline/education-ministry-orders-all-schools-closed-tomorrow Jamaica Observer. (2012, October 23). Early Closure of Tax Offices. Retrieved Novermber 6, 2012, from The Jamaica Observer http//www. jamaicaobserver. com/news/Early-closure-for-Tax-Offices Live Jamaica. (2012, October 23). Education Ministry Orders Schools Closed Tomorrow. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from Live Jamaica Updates

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Three

Ethan was, savourless observed, totaly freaking out. The guys usual cheerful composure had worn off, and he was supervising the initiation arrangements with the intensity of a dril sergeant.No he problematical from across the room. He darted over and slapped the leg of a girl who was standing on a chair and weaving roses through the welded metal V at the top of the central arch.Ouch she yel ed, dropping the roses to the floor.Ethan, what is your problem?We dont put anything on the V, Lorelai, he told her coldly, and bent to pick up the flowers. You must respect the symbols of the Vitale Society. Its a matter of honor.When our loss leader final y joins us, we must demonstrate to him that we are discip terminationd, that we are capable. He shoved the roses back into her hold. We dont do that by draping garbage al over the symbol of our organization. Lorelai stared at him. Im sorry. But I thought you were the leader of the Vitale Society, Ethan. Everyone had stopped working to watch Ethans melt-d protest. Noticing that he was the center of attention, Ethan breathed deeply, clearly trying to regain his composure.Final y he addressed them al , biting off his words sharply. I am trying to prepare you al , and to prepare this chamber, for the initiation ceremony. For you. His voice was steady rising as he glared around at them. And this is when I learn that, despite al your promise, youre a bunch of incompetents. You cant even place a cd or mix some herbs without my help. Were running out of time, and I might as Welljust be doing everything myself. Matt glanced around at the other pledges. Their faces were shocked and wary. uniform him, al along they had been looking up to Ethan and were flattered and encouraged by his praise. Now their role model had turned on them, and no one fascinatemed to know how to react. Chloe, place out candles by the arch, was anxious, her lips pressed to bring downher tightly. She looked quickly at Matt and then out, back toward E than.Just tel us what you want us to do, Ethan, Matt said, stepping forward. He tried to keep his voice level and soothing. Wel do our best to grow everything perfect. Ethan glowered at him. You couldnt even get your friend Stefan to join us, he said bitterly. genius simple task, and you failed.Hey, Matt said, offended. Thats not fair. I got Stefan to come talk to you. If hes not interested, thats his decision. He doesnt affirm to join us.I question your commitment to the Vitale Society, Matt, Ethan said flatly. And the conversation with Stefan Salvatore is not over. He walked straight past Matt, glancing briefly at the rest of the pledges gathered around him. Theres not much time, everyone. Get back to work. Matt could relish the beginnings of a headache starting at his temples. For the first time, he wondered if maybe he didnt want to join the Vitale Society after al .I could have this door afford in a single second, Damon said irritably. Instead we stand here, waiting. Mered ith sighed and careful y wiggled the bobby pin in the intertwine. If you force the door open, Damon, theyl know right away that someone broke into the campus security office. By picking the lock instead, we can keep a low pro archive. Okay? The bobby pin caught on something, and she careful y slid it upward, trying to turn it to catch the pins of the lock so she could move the tumbler. Then the bobby pin bent, and she lost the angle. She groaned and dug into her bag for another bobby pin. twenty-seven weapons, she grumbled. I brought twenty-seven separate weapons to col ege and not a single lock pick.Well, you couldnt be prepared for everything, Elena said. What about using a credit mailing?Being prepared for everything is sort of my job description, Meredith muttered. She sat back on her heels and stared at the door. The lock was pretty flimsy not only Damon scarce any she or Elena could have easily forced it open. And yes, a credit card or something similar probably would wor k just fine. Dropping the bobby pin into her open bag, she took out her wal et instead and found her student ID.The ID slid right into the crack between the door and the doorjamb, she gave it a careful little wiggle, and, bingo, she was able to easily slide the lock back and pul the door open. Meredith smiled over her shoulder at Elena, arching one eyebrow. That was strangely satisfying, she said.Once they were inside and the door was locked again behind them, Meredith checked to make sure the windows were covered, then flicked on the lights.The security office was simply furnished white wal s, two desks, each with a computer, one with a forgotten fractional cup of coffee on top, and a filing cabinet. There was a dying plant on the windowsil , its leaves dry and browning.Were sure that none of the officers are passage to show up and catch us? Elena asked nervously.I told you, I checked their routine, Meredith answered.After eight oclock, al but one of the security guards on oblig ation is patrol ing the campus. The one who isnt is sitting in the downstairs lobby of the administration building, keeping in radio contact with the others and helping students who lock themselves out of their dorms and stuff.Well, lets get it over with, Damon said. I dont particularly relish the idea of spending the whole evening in this dismal little hole.His voice sounded two Wellbred and bored, as usual, but there was something different about him. He was standing very close to Elena, so close that his arm was brushing against hers, and, as Meredith watched, his hand came up to blot Elenas back very lightly, just with his fingertips. There was a slight secretive curve to his mouth, almost as if Damon was even more pleased with himself than usual.Well? he asked, gazing back at Meredith. What now, hunter?Elena stepped away from him and knelt in front of the filing cabinet before Meredith could answer, sliding the top drawer open. What was Samanthas last name? Her rouses probab ly under that. Dixon, Meredith told her, pushing away the little shock she kept get whenever anyone referred to Samantha in the past tense. It was just shed been so ful of life. And Christophers was Nowicki.Elena rifled through the files in both drawers, pul ing out first one thick folder and then a second. Got them. She opened Samanthas folder and make a sick little sound in her throat. Theyre worse than I thought, she said, her voice shaking as she looked at pictures from the murder scene. She turned over a few pages. And heres the coroners report. It says she died from blood loss.Let me see, Meredith said. She took the file and made herself study the crime scene pictures to see if she had missed anything when she was there. Her eyes kept flinching away from Sams poor defenseless body, so she swal owed hard and focused on the areas away from the body, the floor, the wal s of Samanthas room. Blood loss because she was kil ed by a vampire? Or because theres so much blood everywhe re else? She was proud of how steady her own voice was, steadier than Elenas anyway.She held out the folder toward Damon. What do you depend? she asked.Damon took the folder and studied the photos dispassionately, flipping a few pages to read the coroners report. Then he held out his hand to Elena for Christophers file and looked through that one as Well.I cant tel anything for certain, he said after a few minutes. Just akin with the bodies I found, they could have been kil ed by werewolves, who are primitive like this. Or it could have been sloppy vampires. Demons, easily. Even humans could do this, if they were sufficiently motivated. Elena made a soft sound of denial, and Damon flashed his bril iant abrupt grin at her. Oh, dont forget that humans can come up with far more creative means of violence than some simple empty monsters do, sweetheart. Serious again, he looked down at the photographs once more. I can tel you, though, that more than one creature or person was respo nsible.His finger traced a line across one of the pictures, and Meredith forced herself to look. Bloodstains were spattered in wide arcs across the room, beyond Samanthas outstretched arms. See the way the blood sprayed here? Damon asked. Someone held her hands and someone else held her feet, and at least one other, maybe more, kil ed her. He flipped open Christophers folder again.Same thing. This might be evidence that werewolves are the culprits, since they like to travel in packs, but it isnt firm proof. You can get groups of almost anything. Even vampires theyre not al as self-sufficient as I am.Matt saw only one person or whatever near Chriss body, though, Elena pointed out. And he got there real y soon after Christopher screamed.Damon waved a pick apart hand. So they were fast, he said. A vampire could do it before a human had time to even react to the scream. Almost anything supernatural could. Speed comes with the package.Meredith shuddered. A whole pack of something, she said numbly. One would have been bad enough.A packs much worse, Damon agreed. Are you ready to go now?Wed better check and see if theres anything else and then clean up, Elena said. Do you want to stand guard outside? I feel like were real y tempting fate by staying here so long. You could give some kind of signal if you see someone coming or use your Power to get rid of them. enrapture?Damon smiled at her flirtatiously. Il be your watchdog, princess, but only because its you.Meredith waited until he left to say dryly, Speaking of dogs, remember when Damon kil ed Bonnies pet pug? Elena opened the top file drawer again and started going through it methodical y. I dont want to talk about this, Meredith. It was Katherine who kil ed Yangtze, anyway.I just dont think you realize what youre getting into here, Meredith said. Damons not terrific blood material.Elenas hands faltered in their efficient progress. I dont its not like that, she said. Its not a relationship, I dont want a rela tionship with anyone but Stefan. Meredith frowned, confused. Well, then, what Its complicated, Elena said. I care about Damon, you know that. Im seeing where things might go with him.Theres something between us, there always has been.With Stefan gone her voice cracked I have to give it a chance. Just just let it alone for now, okay? She picked up Samanthas folder to put it back in the drawer. Her lips were trembling, and Meredith was about to keep an eye on the subject she wasnt going to let it alone. Not when Elena was upset and somehow involved more involved than she had been before with Damon the dangerous vampire. But Elena interrupted her. Huh, she said. What do you think this means?Meredith craned to see what she was talking about, and Elena pointed. On the inside front of Samanthas file was written a large black V. She picked up Christophers file.This one, too, she said, showing Elena.Vampires? Elena asked. The Vitale Society? What else starts with V and might have to do with these murders?I dont know, Meredith started to say, when they suddenly heard the rumble of a car engine pul ing up outside the building. A raucous utter came through the window.Thats Damon, Elena said, shoving Christophers file back into the cabinet. If we dont want him to have to compel the whole security force, wed better get out of here fast.

Atm Card Project

The completion of every task pauperizations the guidance support & cooperation of m both people. This is the opportunity to thank each(prenominal) those who had directly or indirectly helped me in completing this work. First and foremost I am grateful to my project guide Mr. Rahul Deo whose kind guidance, help & motivation helped me to bring about(predicate) this project. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajendra Kumar Jain,H. O. D(M. B. A Department ) and both the faculty members of SVIM for their kind support. I am grateful to Director Ret. Major General Dr. J. R.Bhatti of Shri Vaishnav lay down Of Management for providing proper facilities in the college. I would also like to thank all(a) the respondents and wholesaler/retailer/distributor for giving me their precious time and germane(predicate) information ,without which this Project would cede been a different story. Last but not the least I am grateful to my p bent, family & friends who have supported and support me during my work. PRAVIN PAHADIYA MBA IV SEM(PT) SVIM,INDORE. cash machine CARD A VITAL FACILITY & ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICICI & IDBI creation air the accelerated and convenient personal manner to admission charge your grievance whatsoevertime anyway whether you are in your home town or more or less the world. It is convenient and safe to carry and situation of lacks of rupees while locomotion or any prescribe atmospheric states now having a commodious impact on economy too. HISTORY OF ICICI & IDBI INDUSTRIAL CREDIT & INVESTMENT CORP. OF INDIA LTD. (ICICI). It was set-up as a Development Finance Institute in 1955 under the Indian Companies Act 1913 with the support of Govt. f India and active involvement of the population depository financial institution. INDUSTRIAL knowledge BANK OF INDIA (IDBI). It was leavened in July 1964. The situate is intended to serve reservoir from which the existing financial institutions butt end draw. It seeks to c all over the gaps left by the numerous soil institutions working in the field of Industrial Finance. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 1. To find its impact on economy. 2. Satisf act of asynchronous transfer mode users. STUDY AREA ICICI & IDBI, Indore METHODOLOGY 1. sample distribution Sampling technique Random Sampling. SOURCE OF DATA ) Primary entropy 2) Secondary Data LIMITATIONS ? Sample restricted to Indore City Only. ? Biasness of respondents. ? The entire study and epitome are establish on the responses obtain from structured questionnaire. ATM A VITAL FACITLITY & ITS ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY INTRODUCTION ATM (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the easiest & the fastest way to access your account any time, any where through any of the ATMs crosswise the country even out of country. Now ,the currency is accessible by any person 24 hours a day,7 days a week & 365 days a year.It is also known as any TIME MONEY, it means that hopes never closed. All of us carry some form of Plastic Mon ey with us whether it is debit billhook, ATM mentality, unfermented card or Credit card. The International Debit Card allows you to purchase goods at Merchant Establishments and also gives you the liberty to withdraw cash from ATMs in India and abroad. ATM Card gives you the freedom of making purchases without the hassles of paying in cash. No need to carry cash, no paying bills at the end of the monthyour purchases will be debited to your account instantly.We can withdraw from 15,000 to 2,00,000 rupees in a day from different wedges ATM machine & deposit up to 30 notes at one time even we can also deposit cheques through the ATM. Operate multiple account with a single ATM card of the deposit. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL CREDIT & INVESTMENT COPERATION OF INDIA (ICICI) argot is Indias second-largest chamfer with total assets of about Rs. 106,812 crore and a network of about 450 branches and offices and about 1700 ATMs. ICICI was set up as a Developed Financial Institution in 1955 , under the Indian Company Act,1913 with the support of the Government Of India active involvement of the World depose.ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial benefits to corporate and retail nodes through a variety of de die hardry bring and through its specialised subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, support and non-life insurance, venture swell, asset management and information technology. ICICI Banks equity shares are listed in India on stock exchanges at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Vadodara, the spud Exchange, Mumbai and the National Stock Exchange of India throttle and its American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).ICICI Bank was originally promoted in 1994 by ICICI Limited, an Indian financial the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian industry. The principal objective was to create a development financial institution for providin g medium-term and coherent-term project financing to Indian businesses. In the 1990s, ICICI change its business from a development financial institution go only project finance to a diversified financial operate group offering a wide variety of products and services, both directly and through a number of subsidiaries and affiliates like ICICI Bank.In 1999, ICICI become the first Indian company and the first bank or financial institution from non-Japan Asia to be listed on the NYSE. After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerging warring scenario in the Indian banking industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank formed the view that the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank would be the optimal strategic alternative for both entities, and would create the optimal statutory structure for the ICICI groups universal banking strategy.The merger would enhance value for ICICI shareholders through the merged entitys access to low-cost deposits, greater opportunities for earning fee-based income and the ability to participate in the payments system and endure dealings-banking services.The merger would enhance value for ICICI Bank shareholders through a large capital base and scale of operations, seamless access to ICICIs strong corporate relationships construct up over five decades, entry into new business segments, higher market share in various business segments, particularly fee-based services, and access to the huge talent pool of ICICI and its subsidiaries. In October 2001, the Boards of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial serve Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank.The merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002, by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of court of ju stice at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002. Consequent to the merger, the ICICI groups financing and banking operations, both wholesale and retail, have been integrated in a single entity. Anywhere Banking ICICI Bank is the second largest bank in the country, serves a customer base of more than 5 million customer accounts through a multi-channel access network.This includes more than four hundred branches and extension counters, over kB ATMs, Call Centre and Internet Banking. Thus, one can access the various services ICICI Bank has to offer at anytime, anywhere and from anyplace. DoS & Do not 1. Sign on the card immediately on receipt. Unsigned cards are invitations for misuse. 2. Keep the card in a prominent place in wallet / vault. This will help you to notice if any of your cards is missing. 3. Ensure that the card you got back after the transaction is yours before driftting in the wallet. 4.Keep all card number, expiry date and contact number of the issuing b ank at a secure place for ready reference. It has to be kept in a different place than where you normally keep cards. 5. propound issuing bank immediately if you lose the card or it is loss/stolen from you. 6. Memorize PIN and destroy the mailer PIN is an important validation of your identity. The use of PIN along with card is considered as your authentic signature. 7. Inform change of address to card issuing bank immediately. Inform postal authorities also about the forwarding address. 8.Keep all charge slips till you model statement from bank. Check all charge slips against the statement. If there is a mismatch immediately contact the issuing bank. 9. If going abroad, make note of the card companys (Visa/ MasterCard/ Amex) parking brake number abroad. 10. Do not give your debit card number over the phone or on the Internet. 11. When utilize your card in a merchant establishment, only your signature is needed. neer disclose any other personal details about yourself, be it your address or phone number. 12. Never sign an in unadulterated sales slip.Make sure it is totaled. Basic Features ICICI Bank and HPCL bring you the Fuel Debit Card. A debit card juted with just our comfort station in mind. Just hand it over at any HPCL pumps and SAVE on our fuel purchases. In fact you can use the card for all your shopping, dining and traveling needs, so we spend with total underwrite. Combining the acceptability of a credit card and the prudence of an ATM Card, the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit card is a most convenient accessory for us. No more fear of overspending. No more searching for the confiningest ATM. Only more comfort and whatchamacallumWith the ICICI Bank Ncash Debit Card you can shop using VISA Electrons on-line debit program, and debit your ICICI Bank account directly when transacting at any VISA accredited member establishment or ATM across the world Accepted at over 40,000 merchant establishments, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATMs and more than 2,500 VISA ATMs all over India. International Card, offering deposit access at over 11 million merchant establishments VISA . Your ICICI Bank HPCL Debit Card comes packed with the following features 1. Direct On-line debit to your ICICI Bank account. 2.Refund of surcharge for fuel purchases at HPCL pumps. 3. Accepted at over 40,000 shops, more than 1,200 ICICI Bank ATMs & 2,500 VISA ATMs all over India. 4. International card offering deposit access at over 11 million shops and & VISA ATMs all over the world. 5. 24 Hour Customer Care Center. 6. Speed-O-Miles Rewards Programme. 7. Itemized billing on your bank statement. 8. Lost card insurance. Fee Charges No transactions charges at ICICI Bank ATMs. legal proceeding charges at Non ICICI Bank ATMs Rs. 50/- for cash withdrawal Rs. 25/- for residual enquiry. Lost Card InsuranceIn case our card is lost or stolen, we just need to call our 24 Hour Customer Care Centre . A new card will be issued on bay and sent to you within 1 week of reporting this loss. We are protected from any financial liability arising from any purchase transactions done on our card, from the time you report the loss. INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA was established in July 1964, to serve as a reservoir from which the existing Financial Institutions can draw. It seeks to cover the gap left by the numerous state institutions working in the field of industrial finance.The bank is expected to combine commercial, promotional re-financing activities. It took place after RBI issued guidelines for entry of new private sector banks in January 93. Subsequently, IDBI as promoters sought permission to establish a commercial bank and hold KPMG a management consultant of international repute to prepare the groundwork for establishing a commercial Bank. The Reserve Bank of India conveyed its in principle approval to establish IDBI bank on February 11th, 1994. Thereafter the Bank was unified at Gwalior under Companies Act on 15th of September 1 994 (Registration No. 0-08624 of 1994) with its Registered Office at Indore. The authentication for Commencement of Business was received on 2nd of December 1994. The Future IDBI bank looks confidently into the future to face and thrive in the intense competitive environment that is emerging. The bank has now gained experience and has in place the strategies required for gaining a leadership position. With cutting edge relevant technology, aggressive marketing, innovation, tight control over costs and with its motivated workforce, the bank is all set to emerge as a model global corporate citizen n the days ahead. IDBI, the tenth part largest development bank in the world has promoted world class institutions in India. A few of such institutions built by IDBI are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL) etc. IDBI is a strategic investor in a plethora of institutions which have revolutionized the Indian Financial Markets. IDBI promoted IDBI bank to mark the formal foray of the IDBI Group into commercial Banking. This initiative has blossomed into a major success story.IDBI bank, which began with an equity capital base of Rs. 1000 million (Rs. 800 million contributed by IDBI and Rs. 200 million by SIDBI), commenced its first branch at Indore in November 1995. Thereafter in less than seven old age the bank has attained a front ranking position in the Indian Banking Industry. IDBI bank successfully completed its public issue in February 99 which led to its paid-up capital expanding to Rs. 1400 million. The promoters holding consequent to this public issue stood reduced to 71% with IDBI holding 57% and SIDBI 14% of the paid up capital of IDBI Bank.This is in line with the requirement of RBI which stipulates that eventually the promoters holding should be brought down to 40%. IDBI ATMs IDBI bank, which in recent times has speedily expanded its ATM network to 258 ATMs acros s 68 cities, has always been at the forefront of using the latest technology to introduce new services for its customers. IDBI bank was the first Bank to implement the latest and most flexible ATM switch technology in India called IST from Oasis Technologies. It is also the only Bank in India where its entire ATM network is on the latest NDC based operating system from NCR Corporation.IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online Instant Mobile Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI also bank opens its 97th Banking office in Dum Dum, Kolkata. IDBI bank launches Easy Fill, the First Online Instant Mobile Refill ATM Service in India, IDBI bank launches ATM Next, the next coevals ATM service- IDBI bank, one of the youngest and fastest growing private sector banks in the country, launched the futuristic next generation ATM service called ATM Next, at a well-attended press conference here in Mumbai today. The innovative new service allows the ATM to download any information from a central w eb server.With the help of this new technology, IDBI banks customers can now check the latest cricket scores live on the ATM, as well as read the latest news headlines. The ATMs also digest online information on the latest movies running with a complete list of theatre and show timings as well as daily horoscopes, a list of emergency services telephone numbers and on the illumination side, fortune cookies. The service, which was launched initially in Mumbai, also enables the ATMs to picture audio instructions to customers, as well as comprehensive information on its products and services.The Bank proposes to deport this facility to other cities shortly, as part of a phased roll out. Speaking at the press conference, Ajay Bimbhet, Country Head Retail Banking, IDBI bank said We have always believed in using technology to add value to the services we provide to our customers. We believe that technology must constantly redefine service and this raise new service, will make the ATM experience far more exciting and enriching for our customers. The Bank has tied up with Rediff. om as its exclusive content supplier for this service, says Shameek Bhargava, Head ATMs, Cards and Merchant Acquiring We have successfully exploited the technology at our disposal to create a truly superior customer experience. This is the first time that such a service has been launched in India. The application was show cased at a recent Banking conference at Singapore, where it was a huge success. Its informative, its different, its futuristic and its fun. IDBI bank offers following services 1. Fabulous Discounts at various Merchant Outlets . 2. Loyalty Points with Great Rewards . . Enhanced access to over 8. 5lakh ATMs and 10 million establishments worldwide. 4. Promotional programmes with exciting prizes. 5. Zero lost card liability insurance. Eligibility 1. Customer Over 18 years of age . 2. Savings Account holders . 3. menses Account holders . 4. Corporate Payroll Account holde rs . Security In a borderless world spinning on the axis of the Internet, Internet Banking assumes a special and ripe significance. Mindful that the ultimate access could be through the Internet, we set out to sew together a globally benchmarked Internet initiative.With Internet Banking, your bank travels with you around the world. You have on-line, real-time access, bank call it 24. 7. 365 (HH/WW/DD) banking. Admittedly, such a service requires security of the highest nature and complete privacy protection. To that end, bank provide a all told secure environment, using 128-bit encryption Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), digitally certified by Verisign. 128-bit SSL. This guarantees world-class security for Internet and e-commerce. Customize Features 1. Change of login and transaction passwords . 2. universe of discourse of Nicknames for Accounts . 3. Date and Amount format choices . Online Payment ServicesThe Internet Banking facility of IDBI Bank, i-netbanking offers online payment f acility linked with merchant websites/e-shops serving as a payment gateway. The bank offers this facility to any agency requiring online payment services such as Online Shopping Malls, Online Share Trading Agency, an AMC selling Online Mutual Funds or registering/subscribing for earnings connection with ISP. This service is available to IDBI bank account holders (savings, current, fixed deposit accounts). It will soon be available to Demat account holders also. Currently, internet banking is available to all first account holders (except minors).It is also available to proprietors of firms in their Current Account for Proprietorship firms. In all cases applicant should have authority to operate account with full permission. All the joint account holders must sign application for all accounts wherever applicant is first account holder. Transfer funds to your near and dear ones at the click of a mouse. Eye popping features The Electronic fund transfers could take place to your own b ank accounts of your choice instantly the bank account of any other person within any of the IDBI banks branches instantly.The bank account of any other person in over 8000 branches of any bank within the 14 cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Nagpur, Chandigarh, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Thiruvananthapuram. The user shall not use or attempt to use i-net banking for funds transfer as and when the facility is made available without fitted funds in the relative i-net banking -account or without a pre-existing arrangement with the bank for the grant of an overdraft. Internet Banking Services (i-net banking) Bank refers to IDBI bank limited, a banking company incorporated in India under the companies act 1956 and having its registered office at chaturvedi mansion, 2nd floor, 26/4, old palasia, A. B. Road, indore 452 001. The term includes the successors and assigns of the IDBI bank limited. I-net banking is the trade name of the banks internet banking service which provides access through the internet to account information, account transaction, other products and services as advised by the bank from time to time to the banks customers. I-net banking serviceThe bank shall endeavor to provide to the user through i-net banking, services such as enquiry about the balance in his i-net banking account(s), details about transactions, statement of account, communicate for issue of cheque-books, request for transfer of funds between accounts of the same user, from users account to another persons account, bill payment and such other facilities as the bank whitethorn decide to provide from time to time. These facilities shall be offered in a phased manner at the discretion of the bank. The bank may also make additions/ deletions to the services offered through i-net banking at its mend discretion.The availability/ non-availability of a particular service shall be advised through email, web page of the bank or scripted c ommunication. The bank shall take logical care to, ensure the security of and prevent unauthorized access to the i-net banking service using technology reasonably available to the bank. The user shall not use or permit to use i-net banking or any related service for any illegal or improper purposes. Minimum balance and charges The user shall maintain, at all times, such minimum balance in i-net banking account(s), as the bank may stipulate from time to time.The bank may, at its discretion, levy penal charges and/or service charges for non-maintenance of the minimum balance. In addition to the minimum balance stipulation the bank may levy service charges for use of i-net banking at its discretion. The user authorizes the bank to withhold all charges related to i-net banking as determined by the bank from time to time by debiting one of users i-net banking accounts. Accuracy of information The user is responsible for the rightness of information supplied to the bank through the use of i-net banking or through any other means such as electronic mail or written communication.The bank accepts no liability for the consequences arising out of erroneous information supplied by the user. If the user suspects that there is an error in the information supplied to the bank by him, he shall advise the bank as soon as possible. The bank will endeavor to correct the error wherever possible. Termination of i-net banking service The user may request for termination of the i-net banking facility any time by giving a written notice of at least 15 days to the bank. The user will remain responsible for any transactions made on his i-net banking account(s) through i-net banking prior to the time.Technology and Tech Initiatives Keeping in line with its policy of leverage technology to drive its business, IDBI bank deployed Finacle, the e-age banking solution from Infosys to consolidate its position, meet challenges and quickly seize new business opportunities. Entire Finacle roll out was remarkable considering the fact that it was implemented across all branches in a record time frame of 5 months. Finacle will provide the critical technology platform to propel the banks new contract and direction.Achievement of these significant milestones is consistent with IDBI banks continued focus to create customer and shareholder value through deployment of superior technology. Investments in technology is part of the plan to put in place building blocks for creating the right organizational infrastructure which will help IDBI bank in consistently delivering superior products, convenient access channels and efficient service to our retail and corporate customers. Of the total investments of over Rs. 75 crs, large investment has been made in back-end technology to strengthen processes, systems and control.This, in the long run, propelled by a top quality management team will clearly set IDBI bank apart from its competitors. Stronger Capital adequacy Capital Adequacy r atio of IDBI bank is well above the RBI norm of 9% and as on 30th June 2001 stood at 12. 01%. IDBI bank has adopted Governance standards based on best practices prevalent internationally. It has a structure of governance which meets with the requirements prescribed by the Kumarmangalam Birla panel and fully meets the recommendations by internationally accl nonplused and recognized norms of governance turn to by the Cadbury, Greenbury and Meryn King committees.Employee Contribution IDBI bank has more than 1000 talented and highly motivated employees as on date. The average age of the employee at IDBI bank is 31 yrs. 85% of the employees are MBAs/CAs/ Professionally Qualified Bankers. The bank has rolled out broad based grant of stock options covering 75% of the employees to line up their interests with those of its shareholders. Benefits of ATM cards 1. Transfer funds from any place to any place. 2. Same day clearance of cheques money deposited by you. 3. Also provide tick Books for transaction. 4. Provide Mini-Statement after every transaction. 5.Account Statement by E-Mail. 6. Free Demand-Drafts Pay-Orders. 7. Investment Tax advisory services. Transaction at all ATMs across the country- 1. Withdrawal transfer of funds . 2. Request for a cheque book. 3. Deposit cash cheques. 4. Receive mini-statement. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project is to show the need utility of ATM cards, different services provided by banks its impact on economy. Some of the others objectives are - 1. Satisfaction of ATM user. 2. Utility of ATM cards. 3. Problem related to ATM cards. 4. Comparative study of banks services provided by them. 5.To collect different suggestion provided by people. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH We are performing every action for the welfare of mankind to make them more productive more innovative. Each every action in this world is performed for betterment. Significance of this research work is 1. It informs about the problem related to A TM user. 2. It provides many suggestions for the betterment of ATM services. 3. It informs about the satisfactory level of consumers. 4. This research also inform people about the services facilities provided by their ATM cards. 5. It shows the real purpose for using ATM.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research has adoptive research design to obtain accurate information of the situation, which existed . The research aim was to find out what are the problems by the ATM users, facility services. It is descriptive because it obtains the complete accurate description of a situation, which has the precision of a problem. It has the formal design of research it provides specific method for selection source of information also connection data from other sources. It has also a statistical study because it involves a few factors in many factors in many cases.The study basically emphasizes on the fact-finding that whether the ATM users are satisfied by the services facilities provided to them by b anks or not. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data collection is fully depends on Primary Data, Secondary Data Internet Information. 1. Primary Data- It is modulation of original information for some specific purpose. 2. Secondary Data- It contain all that information which is available by different sources ? Internal Data - Data provided by banks. ? External Data - Data collected from outside of banks. All other data is collected through Internet i. . by their Web-sites questionnaires. The purpose of questionnaires is to obtained qualitative information for accuracy of project. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Q. 1 Are you using ATM? Q. 2 Which banks ATM you are using? Q. 3 Are you aware about all facilities provided by your ATM? Q. 4 Do you face any problem in using ATM? Q. 5 If yes, please tick- CONCLUSION The main thing that is concluded that ATM (AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE) is the fastest, easiest safest way to access your account. ATM Cards gives us freedom to purchases without the hassles of payment.By ATM card we are free from carrying cash with us. 1. People are using ATM card for ANY TIME MONEY. 2. Maximum people are satisfied by services facilities provided by their banks. 3. Many people are aware about ATM cards their utilities. 4. People are using ATM cards for different purposes. 5. Some people are having problems related to operational, networking, less safety, less number of outlets, etc. 6. People also want zero balance no transaction limit. 7. People want more facilities services. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. There should be no transaction limit. . Clearance of money/cheque transaction time should be minimized. 3. Banks should increase ATM outlets.4. Minimum average balance should be reduced. 5. No charges for transaction with other ATM machines. 6. Interest should be given on money deposited above average balance limits. 7. More facilities services should be provided for customers. LIMITATIONS 1. The main limitation related to this project is the l imited area i. e. INDORE city because it is such a broad topic of research we are not able to represent exact data on the basis of a single city only. . impediment related to approach different types of people with different mentality, nature habit. 3. Limitation related to time resource available. 4. The entire study is based on the response provided by the sample population analyses on the basis of questionnaires. 5. Limitation related to biased response. 6. Limited information given by banks due to security reasons.

Social Security Coverage- Tanzania

SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY GLOSSARY . ILO Minimum Standards. internationalistic Labour Organisation effect an instrument which was adopted at its 35th session in June 1952, popularly known as neighborly aegis (minimum Standards) conclave No. 102. Itemised number of contingencies and avails required in the minimum criterions convention include Old Age, Invalidity, Survivorship, Employment Injury, maternity, medical exam C atomic number 18, sickness, Unemployment and Death. Indexation of Benefits It is an adjustment of pensions and some other cash avails to take score of price movements and auspices against inflation to the beneficiaries.Indexes may include prevailing statutory minimum wages, yearly average earnings of the contributors e. t. c. Portability of Benefits This is a dust which trains that processs accrued benefits argon non lost by a member changing employer, changing employment from one sector to another or by migrating from one inelegant to another. The ash es ensures continuity of benefit rights accrued. Means-tested Basis It is the basis of readiness and adjustment of hearty assistance benefits by the goernment depending on a psyches authority of living.The most considered group of people for the provision of companionable assistance benefits by meanstesting include, elderly, sick, invalids (disabled), survivors, unemployed. Normally these groups of people fall out of contributory schemes. In other words assistance is departd to citizens according to their inability to meet basic quests for survival, or defending themselves against natural calamities. Three- course System According to ILO framework, Three Tier system is an arrangement/system intentioned to cater for distinguishable needs of egis for different categories of people depending on their train of incomes.Tier one, which is financed by the government, caters for those who be not able to purchase neighborly trade protection system serve e. g. sick, disable d, elderly e. t. c. Tier two caters for those who raft domiciliate and is compulsory and supervised by the government. Tier trinity caters for those who can apply to concomitant their Tier two warranter by purchasing commercial insurance benefits. Tier three is voluntary and privately managed. Three-Tier system is designed to reduce the government expenditure on mixer assistance/security programs through expansion of reporting of Tier Two and Three. . 3. 4. 5. iii 6. actuarial Valuation It is the process which involves assessing the current level of funding of the scheme by comparing scheme assets with liabilities accrued to the date of valuation and to determine the level of contributions that need to be paid in future to achieve the level of funding necessary to pay out the benefits promised. wreakuarial reviews ar conducted in intermediate periods to ensure that the fund is sustainable and this is reflected in the projections argon of a long time frame e. . 25 years. 7. complaisant policy Principles Is a genial security administration where the resources are pooled together for meeting different contingencies, every one is included unheeding of the level or risk exposure and the motive is companionable protection as opposed to profit maximization. Defined Contribution v/s Defined Benefits Defined contribution is a situation where benefits from a loving security is not known, but depends on the contributions to be made and interests rates obtainable.Defined benefits is a situation where benefits to be obtained are known closely in advance regardless of the contributions to be made, admitd that the members meets prescribed minimum conditions. Defined contributions are associated with put forwardnt fund schemes, while defined benefits are associated with social insurance schemes. 8. iv FOREWORD The socio-economic and semipolitical changes, which are ta kinfolkg place in Tanzania, hire prompted the formulation of the National mixer secur ity system insurance policy in order to address such changes for the benefit of its citizens and to ensure that sectoral programmes and activities are well co-ordinated.The formulation of the National societal aegis Policy came at a time when favorable warranter Providers are reorganizing their activities to act to the market demand as related to free market economy. Since independence to-date, some few institutions wipe out been enjoying monopolistic berth of providing social security service in the country. However under this policy social security sector will be liberalized. The National kindly Security policy is a increase of a series of consultations with stakeholders which started in year 2001. The policy was adopted by the government early in year 2003.The aim of this policy is to realize the goals and objectives set out in the vision 2025 by extending social security services to the legal age of the Tanzanians. The structure of the Policy document provides backg round information of social security, status and challenges of the sector in Tanzania, and the rationale for its formulation. on that point are also chapters that provide policy issues and demesnements, institutional frame- work and responsibilities during its implementation. With great pleasure I would equal to invite the social security policy for the schooling of our country. Hon. Prof. J. A.Kapuya (MP) Minister for Labour, Youth Development and Sports v CHAPTER 1 1. 0 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Background Every gentleman being is vulnerable to risks and uncertainties with respect to income as a means of life sustenance. To contain these risks, everyone needs some form of social security guaranteed by the family, confederation and the society as a whole. Such socioeconomic risks and uncertainties in human life form the basis for the need of social security. Social security is grow in the need for solidarity and risk pooling by the society given that no individual can guarantee his or her own security.Formal social security system in Africa and other developing countries is a product of colonialism. In Tanzania during the colonial era, social security coverage was extended to the few people who were in the colonial employment. Most of the people were excluded from each type of public social security scheme. The majority of the Tanzanian people depended upon the traditional social security system for their protection, which is quiet the case to date, though effects of urbanization and difficult economic environment have weakened the same.After independence, the Government of Tanzania introduced a series of policies and measures to reverse the situation that prevailed during the colonial era. The measures included access to free education and healthcare, provision of social welfare services to marginalized groups such as the elderly, people with disabilities and children in difficult circumstances, as well as establishment of statutory social security sch emes.However, tax financed social services have proved to be unsustainable as evidenced by first appearance of cost sharing in sectors such as education and health. 1 1. 2 The Concept of Social Security Social security means any kind of collective measures or activities designed to ensure that members of society meet their basic needs and are protected from the contingencies to enable them maintain a standard of living consistent with social norms.The social security concept has been changing with time from the traditional ways of security to modern ones. As societies became more industrialize as a result of industrial revolution in the 19th century and more people became dependent upon wage employment, it was no longer possible to rely upon the traditional system of social security. The negative impact of industrialization and urbanization attracted the attention of policy makers to formalize social security system that communicate the emerged social issues.Social security is d efined in its broadest meaning by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as The protection measures which society provides for its members, through a series of public measures against economic and social distress that would otherwise be caused by the stoppages or substantial reduction of earnings resulting from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, disability, old age, death, the provision of medical care subsidies for families with children. The ILO framework of social security is based on a three-tier structure, which seeks to utilize various funding sources for provision of better protection to the countrys population. This structure also seeks to address needs of different groups in the 2 society with respect to income and degree of vulnerability. The structure consists of the take oning a) Tier One Social Assistance Schemes This constitutes provision of services such as primary health primary education, water, food security and other services on a means tested basis.These services are usually financed by the government and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs. b) Tier Two Mandatory Schemes These are usually compulsory and contributory schemes financed by both employer and employee during the working life for terminal and short-term benefits. c) Tier Three Voluntary or Supplementary Schemes The schemes under this tier include personal savings, co-operative and address societies, occupational pensions schemes and private schemes managed by employers, professional bodies, communitybased organizations and other private sector actors. CHAPTER II 2. O SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN TANZANIA 2. 1 Objectives of the Social Security dish outs Social security in Tanzania covers a wider variety of public and private measures meant to provide benefits in the pillowcase of the individuals earning power permanently ceasing, being interrupted, never developing, being unable to avoid poverty, or being exercised sole(prenomi nal) at an acceptable social costs. The major domains of social security are poverty prevention, poverty alleviation, social compensation and income distribution.Many issues relating to social security are sensitive, as they touch on the material interests of organized workers and the unorganized poor as well as insurance industry and employer organizations. The social security system in Tanzania has the following key elements Social assistance schemes which are non-contributory and income-tested, and provided by the state to groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people and unsupported parents and children who are unable to provide for their own minimum needs.In Tanzania social assistance also covers social relief, which is a short term measure to tide people over a particular individual or community crisis Mandatory schemes, where people contribute through the employers to pension or provident funds, employers also contribute to these funds 4 Private savings, where peo ple voluntarily save for retirement, working capital and examine themselves against events such as disability and loss of income and meet other social needs. Despite the existence of this framework, service delivery has not reached the majority of Tanzanians ascribable to hapless financing and fragmented institutional arrangements.The estimated total population of Tanzania is 33. 5 million1. Out of this, 70 per cent are in the rural areas, while the rest are in urban areas. The total labour perpetrate of Tanzania is estimated at 16 million, where 5. 4% of the total labour force or 2. 7% of the total population is covered by the mandatary formal social security system. 93 per cent of the capable workforce is engaged in the informal sector in both rural and urban areas out of that 80 per cent is in engaged in the agrarian economy2. 2. Informal Social Security System Tanzania, like many other countries in the developing world has had strong informal and traditional social security systems built on family and/or community support.In clock of contingencies such as famine, diseases, and old age individuals have depended on family, clan members and members of the community for assistance in the form of cash or in kind. composition it is recognized that over time, traditional social security system has tended to decay and change forms in response to the forces of urbanization and industrialization, there is evidence that in Tanzania family and 2 National Bureau of Statistics, 2001 National Labourforce Survey, 1999 5 community social support system have remained as means of social security within different social groups. Overtime, socio-economic reforms have slowly resulted into disintegration of the family-based social security protection leading to the formation of self-help groupings such as UPATU, UMASIDA and VIBINDO. 2. 3 Formal Social Security System Formal social security is a regulated mechanism of protecting citizens against social contingencies.This sys tem has existed in Tanzania well in the lead independence whereby various policy statements have been made and Acts passed in regard to the protection of the population against contingencies like injury, loss of employment and old age. These include the Master and Native canon Cap 78 as amended by Cap. 371, Provident Fund (Government Employees) Ordinance Cap 51, Provident Fund ( topical anesthetic Authorities) Ordinance Cap. 53 and the Workmens salary Ordinance Cap 262. After independence new legislations were enacted and others amended.These include the Severance Allowance Act No. 57 of 1962 the National Provident Fund Act No. 36 of 1964 amended by Act. No. 2 of 1975 which was later repealed and replaced by the National Social Security Fund Act No. 28 of 1997 the Parastatal Pensions Act No. 14 of 1978, the Public Service Retirement Benefits Act of 1999, the National Health Insurance Fund Act No. 8 of 1999 and Local Authorities Provident Fund Act. No. 6 of 2000. 6 Currently, ther e are five major formal institutions that provide social security protection in Tanzania.These are the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) maintaining social security coverage to employees of private sector and non-pensionable parastatal and government employees, the Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF) providing social security protection to employees of central Government under pensionable terms, Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) offering social security coverage to employees of the both private and parastatal organizations, the Local Authorities Provident Fund (LAPF) offering social security coverage to employees of the Local Government and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) offering health insurance coverage to pensionable employees of central government.The formal social security total coverage in Tanzania is about 871,000 members distributed as 363,000 for NSSF, 193,000 for PSPF, 180,000 for NHIF, 90,000 for PPF and 45,000 for LAPF. This represents about 85% of the persons employed in the formal employment sector. 2. 4 The Impact of Social Security System in Tanzania Efforts by the government to provide social security protection in the country have brought about significant development. However, repayable to the absence of an elaborate social security policy to postulate effective execution of the industry, there are some structural, operational and policy weaknesses inherent in the social security system. a) i) Achievements Investment of Social Security money 7Social security institutions in Tanzania have been investing in portfolios such as commercial loans, real estate, government securities, Loanable funds, bank deposits and equities all of which have contributed to social and macro-economic development of the country. ii) Awareness on Social Security Matters on that point has been an increase in the level of public awareness on the social security system in respect of benefits offered, coverage, investments and general operations of the sec tor. iii) Organized Self-help Groups Informal social security scheme in the form of self-help groups has been more organized than before. (b) Shortcomings in the Current Social Security System The subsisting social security system in Tanzania is characterised by a number of shortcomings, which need to be addressed by this policy.Among these shortcomings are i) trammel Coverage Persons covered by the social security schemes are those who are employed in the formal sector estimated at 1. 0 million. This is only about 5. 4% of the whole labour force of over 16 million Tanzanians. This means the remaining 15 million labour force, engaged in informal sector and comparatively more vulnerable are not covered by the formal social security protection. ii) Inadequacy of Benefits Paid (Number and Meaningfulness) 8 The number of benefits offered by most of the existing schemes fall below the ILO Minimum Standards in terms of number, quality and indexation to the current levels of earnings. i i) Fragmentation and Lack of Co-ordination The social security sector wishings co-ordination at national level as each Fund reports to a different Ministry with differing operational rules and procedures. As a result, contribution rates, benefit structures, loss conditions as well as plans and priorities differ form one institution to another. iv) Lack of Mechanism for Portability of Benefit Rights There is no established mechanism that can allow benefit rights of a member to be transferred from one scheme to another. This results in employees losing some of their benefit rights when they move from one sector to another. v) Social Security Benefits In some of the Tanzanias social security schemes, members benefits are not rights but privileges.Normally, members loose some of their benefits if they leave employment before attainment of their pensionable ages. nature of termination. vi) Conflicts in the Existing Legislations Establishing legislations of the current social security i nstitutions have provisions that conflict in terms of operations. In other circumstances, members benefit rights are determined by the employers depending on the 9 vii) Non-contributory Social Security Benefits Currently, there is a segment of salaried workers who are getting social security benefits richly financed through tax revenues this is a strain to the Government budget. viii) rest There has been a monopoly in the operation of social security institutions in the country. ix)Investment of Social Security Funds There has been inadequate guidance on investment of social security fund at national level 2. 5 i) Challenges In The Social Security System Weakening of Informal Social Protection System Socio-economic developments taking place in Tanzania have resulted into a slow but settle down disintegration of the kinship or family-based social support systems on which the majority of Tanzanians have depended for protection against contingencies. Economic hardships have made it difficult for individuals, families and/or kin members to provide assistance to each other in time of crisis and need. The high rate of urbanisation has also taken its toll on traditional social protection systems.There has been increasing fragmentation with families becoming more dispersed thereby eroding the capacity of extended families to function as social safety nets. ii) Limited Growth of the Formal Employment 10 Public sector reforms have resulted into retrenchment of workers, freezing employment in the public sector and privatisation of public enterprises. These have led to increased unemployment, which in turn has forced more people to resort to employment in the urban informal sector where earnings are often inadequate and/or uncertain. There is however a limited growth in employment in the private sector. iii) Reduced Access to Social Services Despite the deliberate measures by the government to improve provision of ocial services to the public, considerable part of the population has either limited or no access to services. In some instances, cost sharing in the provision of social services has reduced the capacity of the people to access the services. iv) Low levels of incomeIncomes for the majority of the people in Tanzania are generally inadequate to meet their basic requirements and save for future use. v) Declaration of Low Insurable Earnings Some employers provide remunerations composed of basic salaries and allowances, while deductions for social security are based on basic salaries only, leading to lower benefits from social security institutions upon retirement. 2. Rationale For A Social Security Policy The existing social security system has many shortcomings that include low coverage of the Tanzanian Society, fragmentation of 11 legislation, lack of regulatory framework, lack of a mechanism for portability of benefits and inadequacy of benefits provided. Therefore, the need for a well-articulated national social security policy is more eminent now than ever. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for having a comprehensive national social security policy that shall address the needs of employed people in the formal sector, self employed population in the informal sector, the elderly, people with disabilities and children in need of special protection.Therefore the social security policy is expected to strain the scope and coverage of social security services to all the citizens Harmonize social security schemes in the country so as to eliminate fragmentation and rationalize contribution rates and benefit structures Reduce poverty through improved quality and quantity of benefits offered Institute a mechanism for good government and sustainability of social security institutions through establishment of a regulatory body Establish a social security structure that is consistent with the ILO standards but with overdue regard to the socio-economic situation in the country and Ensure more transparency and involv ement of social partners in the decision making with respect to social security institutions 12 CHAPTER THREE 3. POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS The general objective of the policy is to ensure that every citizen is protected against economic and social distress resulting from substantial loss in income due to various contingencies. Underlying the abovementioned general objective, this policy shall therefore address the following specific issues 3. 1 Policy Issue The Structure of Social Security Sector Different social groups face different contingencies, hence calling for varied types of protection. Provision of comprehensive social security services should follow a structure that recognises different levels of needs, utilises different funding sources and reflects roles of various stakeholders.Policy description Provision of social security services in the country shall be organise as follows a) Social Assistance Programmes The Government shall enhance the capacity to attend to the social assistance programmes that constitute services such as primary health primary education, water, food security and social welfare services to vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances on a means tested basis. Moreover, the government shall create an enabling environment for other institutions such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), charitable organisations, families and mutual assistance groups to supplement the governments effort in the provision of such services. 13 b)Mandatory Schemes Mandatory social security institutions that shall operate under the social insurance principles in accordance with minimum acceptable standards and benchmarks. c) Supplementary Schemes Supplementary schemes shall be established to cater for different social services like health, pensions and other types of insurance over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. These schemes shall be run by emp loyers, bodies private and companies, professional community-based organisations (CBOs). 3. 2 Policy Issue Coverage The existing mandatory social security schemes currently cover only 5. 4 % of the labour force estimated at 16. 0 million.The larger part of the labour force engaged in the informal sector that includes smallholder agriculture, small-scale mining, fishing, and petty businesses are inadequately covered by self-help initiatives. Moreover, accessibility to the social welfare services by the disadvantaged groups is limited hence the majority of the people are not covered by the formal social security schemes. Policy Statements a) Social benefit Service shall be improved and extended to enhance accessibility to disadvantaged groups including people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances. b) A legal framework shall provide for all employees in the formal sector and devise means of extending coverage to the informal sector such as agricultural , 14 ining, fishing and small businesses. c) There shall be an act to support the formation of mutual assistance initiatives by the NGOs, CBOs and other groups operating at community level. d) Employers, financial institutions, professional associations, insurance companies, social security institutions and other organisations shall be enabled to establish supplementary schemes to provide social security benefits over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. 3. 3 Policy Issue Social Security as a Right According to Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10th declination 1948 social protection is a rights issue.Likewise, Article 11(1) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania stipulates thatThe state authority shall make appropriate provisions for the realisation of a persons right to work, to self education and social welfare at times of old age, sickness or disability and in other cases of senselessness.. 3 In view o f such provision there is still inadequate coverage of social security services to the Tanzanian Society. Policy Statement Efforts shall be made to enhance awareness and 3 United Republic of Tanzania (1998) The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 15 sensitisation of the society regarding the important and provision of social security services as a right.3. Policy Issue Inadequacy of Benefits offered The number and quality of benefits offered by most of the existing social security funds are not adequate to meet the basic needs of beneficiaries in terms of the number of benefits, magnitude and indexation to the current levels of earnings. Policy Statement Social security schemes shall have a standard minimum number of benefits offered and indexed to the current levels of earnings of contributors. 3. 5 Policy Issue Portability of Social Security Benefits Benefit rights are not portable when a member moves from one scheme to another due to differing legislations, op erational rules and procedures. As a result members loose some of their benefit rights just by moving from one scheme to another. Policy Statement There shall be regulated mechanisms established to enable portability of benefit rights when a member moves from one scheme to another. 3. 6Policy Issue Lack of Co-ordination 16 The current social security institutions are placed under different Ministries with different rules and procedures, as a result there is a conflict in the administration of social security matters. Policy Statement The social security sector shall be coordinated by the Ministry responsible for social security matters. 3. 7 Policy Issue Reciprocal Agreements for Transfer of Benefits Labour mobility across nations has become a common phenomenon due to globalisation and foreign investment, there by require people work and live in different countries and hence find themselves contributing to various social security institutions.Lack of a mechanism for transfer of bene fit rights across nations may result into some members loosing their rights or being unable to qualify for better benefits. Policy Statement Legal mechanisms shall be developed to provide for reciprocal agreements with other countries for transfer of social security benefits across nations. 3. 8 Policy Issue fond(p) Withdrawal of Benefits Social security schemes do not provide for pre-mature withdrawals of benefits by members before attainment of the pensionable age. However, due to unstable employment environment, low level of income of most of the workers and little awareness on social security matters, members have a tendency of demanding total 17 withdrawal of benefits upon termination of employment before the attainment of pensionable age.Policy Statement Legal mechanisms shall be developed to allow for withdrawal of part of the accumulated benefits while the balance shall remain for long-term benefits on premature termination of their employment. 3. 9 Policy Issue Financing o f Social Security Services The Government has the responsibility of providing social security services to its citizens. However, due to limited resources the Government still provides limited services for salaried employees and individuals who can afford to contribute for the services. Policy Statements (a) Services under Social Assistance Programs shall be offered on a means-tested basis and financed by the general tax revenue and other grants. b) Mechanisms shall be established to ensure that all salaried employees and individuals, who can afford to contribute to the mandatory schemes, do so to ensure enhancement of benefits.3. 10 Policy Issue Guaranteeing of Mandatory Schemes The Government has the responsibility to guarantee members benefits in the event the established mandatory social security 18 schemes become insolvent. So far there is no concrete commitment by the Government to instil contributors confidence in their membership Policy Statement (a) (b) The Government shall continue to guarantee members benefits in the established mandatory schemes. The Government shall ensure that Social Security Schemes are managed efficiently. 3. 1 Policy Issue Taxation on Contributions, Investment Income and Benefits Contributions and income accrued from investment by social security institutions are being taxed then weakening the capacity of the schemes to offer quality benefit to members. Policy Statement The government shall continue to review tax policies to ensure contributions, benefits and income from investments to enable mandatory schemes offer meaningful benefits to members. 3. 12 Policy Issue Investment of Social Security Funds Investment of social security funds is an inseparable function of social security institutions. Sustainability of the schemes and improvement of benefits depend on investment income.Social security funds have often been directed to areas where there is no stimulation of economic growth. There are no clear-cut guidelines directin g investments of social security funds at the national level. 19 Policy Statement Guide lines will be developed based on principles of safety yield and liquidity. 3. 13 Policy Issue Good Governance Good governance is the key to smooth functioning and efficiency in all social security schemes, as they are entrusted to manage funds on behalf of the contributors. There has been poor governance in social security services. Policy Statement There shall be guidelines to ensure that all social security schemes are transparent and accountable to the members and the public at large.3. 4 Policy Issue Legal Framework and Minimum Standards There is fragmentation of social security system in the country with respect to different legislations and design of the schemes. These schemes also lack minimum standards to guide their operations. Policy Statement There shall be an act to govern and standardize operations of the social security sector. The natural law shall also provide for the establishmen t of a regulatory body that shall ensure smooth and efficient operations of the sector. 20 3. 15 Policy Issue Liberalization of the Social Security Sector The current trend in the country is to liberalize various sectors in the economy. However, the current social sector is based on organization/institution monopoly in its operation.Policy Statements Social security institutions shall operate in a regulated liberalized market as followsWhile the existing Social mandatory Security social Services security under institutions shall operate and compete among themselves supplementary schemes shall be fully liberalized. 21 CHAPTER IV 4. 0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS The different stakeholders shall have the following roles to play in the social security sector4. 1 The Government 4. 2 Coverage of the social assistance programmes Put an enabling environment for smooth operations of the social security To institute regulatory and legal framework Supervision of the sector. Guarantor of mandato ry schemesSocial Security Institutions Offering quality benefits and services Good governance of the schemes Involvement of Stakeholders Widen coverage Awareness existence and sensitisation 4. 3 Employers Registration of employees Timely and accurate remittance of contributions Awareness substructure and sensitisation Adherence to safety and occupational health rules 4. 4 Workers Unions Representation of workers interests in the social security Awareness creation and sensitisation Support the social security industry. 22 sector 4. 5 NGOs/CBOs Complement efforts by the Government in the provision of social assistance programmes and establishment of supplementary schemes Awareness creation to the public 4. 6 Communities Responsiveness to the needs of the vulnerable persons Maintain self-help traditions 23